I've been messing with this for the past few hours again.
I used the same settings as I did on Android except, DOMAIN settings. Nothing is asking for "Domain".
I got as far as Outlook asking for login credentials. The log in box shows Domain=Surface. That might be part of the issue. I need to use the domain my company uses. I need to figure out how to change the domain setting.
My company uses Exchange 2010.
I used this tutorial:
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/sync-outlook-through-owa-59703.html
I got as far as Outlook asking for login credentials. The log in box shows Domain=Surface. That's where I am stuck at this point.