I've got the same thing going on. I uninstalled the security update hoping that would fix it, nope. Booted into safe mode to try to see if it would work then. Nope.
Technically I can get by without getting into settings for a while, but I'm worried that new updates won't be able to be downloaded if everything keeps crashing. Hopefully that's not the case.
I also get this when I try to run 'Personalization' and 'Display' from right clicking the desktop. No default program associated.